International Journal of Contemporary Microbiology
International Journal of Contemporary Microbiology is a double blind peer reviewed international journal which has commenced its publication from January 2015. The journal is half yearly in frequency. The journal covers all aspects of pathology practice and research. The journal has been assigned ISSN 2394-9473 (Print Version) and ISSN - 2395-1796 (Online Version). The journal is indexed in many international data bases like Google scholar, EBSCO , Embase. This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
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Utilization of Affordable Natural Substrates for Violacein Production by Chromobacterium violaceum
Beside expanding awareness among the population for natural dyes over the synthetic dyes for environment friendly factors, there is demand for dyes and pigments from natural resources. Natural dyes and pigments can be obtained from various sources like, plants, insects, plant root, tree bark and microorganism. Bacterial pigment (violacein) produced by Chromobacterium violaceum, is highly in demand due to its pharmacological properties. In this study, initially two soil samples were collected from MCRC, Taramani, Chennai. C. violaceum was isolated from soil sample by serial dilution method. Screenings for the effective growth of C. violaceum in natural substrate medium (of low-cost) were performed. C. violaceum produces dark violet pigment called “VIOLACEIN”. As C. violaceum is a slow growing organism, the more days it is kept for incubation the more pigment is produced. Effective natural substrate medium was chosen for growth study. Appropriate solvent system for efficient extraction of violet pigment (violacein) was screened. The pigment is highly soluble in polar organic solvents and insoluble in water and non-polar organic solvents. In this study, ethyl alcohol was screened as suitable solvent for pigment extraction from the natural substrates. It was then employed for further application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mona S, Lakshanya V https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Some Haematological Changes in Trypanosoma-Infected Albino Rats When Treated with Zingiber Officinale and Curcuma Longa
The study determined the effect of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa on the liver function of albino rats infected by Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Acclimated five to six-weekold male rats were divided into five groups (A – E), each with three replicates. Group A; positive control (uninfected and untreated), Group B; negative control (infected and untreated), Group C (treated with 10 g of ginger meal mixed with 1 kg of chick mash), Group D (treated with 10 g of turmeric meal mixed with 1 kg of chick mash) and Group E (treated with 5 g each of ginger and turmeric in 1 kg of chick mash). The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA, and tested at p>0.05. Results showed that while all the treatment groups (C – E) maintained a high PCV, there was no significant difference between the experimental groups and positive control; WBC showed significant difference from the other groups, with the ginger treated group C, showing no significant difference with the negative group B; while the combined group E and turmeric treated group D are significantly different from B and C. RBC results showed that ginger and turmeric influenced the experimental groups; with ginger and turmeric treated groups C and D showing great improvement; although there exist a significant different between them and the positive control. At the levels administered, ginger and turmeric supplements caused minimal changes in the haematological indices of rats. Based on these results, there is a need for further research; on higher dosages of ginger and turmeric supplements, and the use of other medicinal herbs that may ameliorate physiological stress caused by Trypanosoma infection in the haematological indices of rats.
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Evaluation of Antimicrobial (Antibacterial and Antifungal) potential of root extracts of Spilanthes acmella Murr. – An Important Medicinal Plant
Plants produce many secondary metabolites which constitute an important source of antimicrobial, anticancer and pharmaceutical activities. Plant extracts which inhibit the pathogenic microorganisms have potential use as therapeutic drugs. Spilanthes acmella. (Family : Asteraceae) is an important medicinal plant with major chemical compound spilanthol which is having many bioactive properties. The present study has been under taken to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of root extract of S.acmella. In the present study, the methanolic extract of roots of S.acmella was tested for its antibacterial and antifungal activity by Agar cup bioassay method.. The antibacterial activity of root extract of S.acmella was studied against gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The various concentrations of methanolic root extract (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 µg ) were tested and high activity was observed at 2000 µg. Among the test organisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed highest zone of inhibition (3.3cm) followed by E.coli (2.8cm). Lesser activity was seen against Bacillus subtilis (2.6cm) and Staphylococcus aureus (2.1 cm). The antifungal activity of root extract of S.acmella was tested against five different fungal species i.e. Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum capsicii. The various concentrations of methanolic root extract (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 µg) were tested and maximum activity was observed at 2000 µg. All the five organisms were inhibited by the test solution with varying sensitivity. Among all, high inhibition zones were observed in Fusarium oxysporum (2.8 cm) followed by Colletotrichum capsicii (2.5cm), Rhizoctonia solani (2.2cm.). The Alternaria alternata and Macrophomina phaseolina showed low inhibition zones of 2.0 cm and 1.8 cm respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hajera Sana, A.Sabitha Rani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integration of IOT and Modern Technology in Agriculture: a Review
As the world progresses towards the modern era of science, a decrease in the death and disease rate has led to a tremendous increase in the population, which has stressed existing capabilities of resources, one of which is agricultural land and its production capacity. This phenomenon has highlighted the need for more efficient management methods to reduce stress on the field and effectively use the existing land resources. Modern agriculture has witnessed an integration of technology tools like IOT, GPS Monitoring, use of Robotics, Arduino and Drone usage into everyday operations like spraying, seeding, disease monitoring etc and the approach of Precision Farming. These technologies are helping to pave a way for a more efficient, time saving and labor saving farming style and can aid the aging farmer populations. This review aims at giving an insight summary into the modern world of agriculture and a description of the various technologies involved, hinting the way in which technology might show a potential to keep up with the need of the ever-growing global population and also discusses the scope of micro-algae cultivation through integration and implementation of IoT.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aman Rehan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Widespread Prevalence of Diphtheria in Nigeria, Africa: Identification, Pathogenic Impact, and Control of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for diphtheria, a severe and potentially life-threatening disease. With a mortality rate of up to 20%, diphtheria remains a major public health concern, particularly in regions with low vaccination coverage, such as parts of Africa. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and laboratory identification of C. diphtheriae, along with its diagnosis and treatment options. Additionally, we will explore the history of diphtheria vaccination, current immunization strategies, and ongoing efforts to control this preventable disease. By emphasizing the importance of sustained public health initiatives and high vaccination coverage, we aim to underscore the urgency of preventing the resurgence of this deadly infection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eruchalu .I. Augustine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comprehensive Review on Mushrooms as a Nutraceutical Superfood
This review study looks into the array of Nutraceutical superfoods, with a particular emphasis on the significance of mushrooms in boosting nutrition and health. Mushrooms contain several bioactive components, such as β-glucans, antioxidants, and ergothioneine, which may provide health advantages. The major purpose of this study is to fully examine the therapeutic characteristics of mushrooms, particularly their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating actions. This study aims to provide light on how mushrooms may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders by conducting a thorough review of relevant studies. Also, this research evaluates the impact of various processing methods, such as drying and extraction, on mushroom composition and bioactivity, which are critical for conserving beneficial chemicals. Further, the paper looks at the ability to adapt of mushrooms in culinary applications, showing how they may not only improve flavour but also the nutritional content of a range of cuisines. Finally, this comprehensive research gives an in-depth look into mushrooms’ nutraceutical properties. It introduces the concept of nutraceutical superfoods, highlight the importance of mushrooms in promoting nutrition and health, discusses their bioactive compounds and medicinal properties, investigates their potential for preventing and managing chronic diseases, assesses different processing techniques and their impact on mushroom properties, and concludes by pointing out mushrooms’ culinary versatility
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Effect of Different Post-Harvest Temperatures on Fungal Quality and Mycotoxin Contents of Irvingia Gabonensis
Irvingia Gabonensis is a valuable food commodity in West and Central Africa, but post- harvest fungal contamination and mycotoxin accumulation pose significant challenges to its quality and safety. This study investigated the effects of post-harvest temperature treatments (50, 60, 70, and 80°C) on fungal growth and mycotoxin levels in I. gabonensis kernels. Fungal growth was assessed by determining the colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g), while mycotoxin levels (aflatoxins and fumonisins) were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that higher temperature treatments, particularly at 70°C and 80°C, significantly reduced both fungal growth and mycotoxin levels compared to lower temperature treatments (50°C and 60°C). The 80°C treatment was the most effective, resulting in an 82.9% reduction in fungal growth, an 82.5% reduction in total aflatoxins, and a 73.2% reduction in total fumonisins compared to the 50°C treatment. The findings highlight the importance of post-harvest temperature management in ensuring the quality and safety of I. gabonensis kernels and provide a basis for the development of improved post-harvest practices to reduce fungal contamination and mycotoxin exposure.
Phytochemical Screening And Antimcrobial Efficacy of Leaf Extract Of Guava (Psidium guajava) On Selected Bacteria
Guava leaf extract has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepato protective and antioxidant activities. The high resistance of bacteria to modern day drugs has led researchers in the pharmaceutical industry to look towards plant-based extracts for solutions. Hence, this study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Psidium guajava (guava) on some selected bacteria. Pure isolates of bacteria gotten from urine of patients in Charis Rhema Research and Diagnostic Laboratory were used in the study. Extracts from the leaves of Psidium guajava were tested for presence of phytochemicals. Separation of active components of the extracts was one using Chromatographic technique. The antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava leaves was determined using agar diffusion bioassay. Phenols were present at all concentrations (100, 80 and 60mg). The study discovered a significant relationship between extract concentration and the zones of inhibition at 60% N-hexane/40% methanol for Klebsiella sp., and 0.0% N-hexane/100% methanol for S. aureus. Flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols were the active compounds in guava that helped in the inhibition of growth on the sampled isolates. Methanol and N-hexane extracts of guava can be used as potent medicines for inhibiting the growth of Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus.
Identification of Proteus Vulgaris using Series of Biochemical Test and Staining Technique: Ecology, Pathogenicity (Enteric Pathogen), Description and Prevention of It’s Diseases
Phenotypic identification of bacteria by staining technique and biochemical tests. This practical was carried out to identify Proteus vulgaris using biochemical test, this test includes, citrate utilization, indole, carbohydrate fermentation, methyl red, voges Proskauer, motility, production of hydrogen sulphide, catalase, and oxidase tests. Results obtained shows that Proteus vulgaris was positive to indole, motility, methyl red and urease. Proteus vulgaris was unable to utilize citrate for carbon and energy, and does not synthesis the enzyme amylase to break down starch. The bacteria fermented glucose to produce acid and gas.
Upscaling Biogas Production using Fruit Waste (Pawpaw, Watermelon and Banana) Co Digested with Cow Dung, and Gutter’s Sludge
Nigeria faces a significant challenge of fruit waste due to improper handling and transportation practices, leading to damage and microbial contamination, resulting in environmental pollution. These wastes can be utilized to produce biogas which is environmentally safer and cleaner. This study explores the potential of using fruit waste (Pawpaw, Watermelon, and Banana) as substrates co-digested with cow dung and gutter sludge to upscale biogas production. Physicochemical analyses of the substrates and inoculums was conducted, followed by construction of pilot biogas digesters, and then isolation of methanogenic bacteria. A combination of single and mixed fruit ratio were added into the digesters with the cow dung and gutter sludge as co-digesters. For the up scaling, a 25L digester was constructed and the best mix ratio from the pilot digesters were fed into the digesters. Isolation of methanogens was carried out to access which substrate or inoculum had greater potential in the production of biogas individually or when co-digested by the presence of methanogenic colonies after incubation. The results revealed similar physicochemical parameters among the fruit waste substrates, while cow dung and gutter sludge showed variations, particularly in carbon-nitrogen ratios. The pilot study demonstrated that the mix ratio containing all three fruits, co-digested with cow dung and gutter sludge, produced the highest methane yield (11.2%). In upscaling, a 25L digester produced gas efficiently, albeit with some depletion over time, possibly due to methanotroph activity or exposure to sunlight. Methanogenic colonies were successfully isolated from lower dilutions of gutter sludge. This study highlights the potential of fruit waste as a valuable substrate, particularly when co-digested with cow dung and gutter sludge, which can serve as an effective inoculum due to the presence of methanogens.
Patterns of Phytochemical Variation in Populations of Amaranthus Viridis In Two Ecological Zone Of Ghana
The study aimed to assess the patterns of variations in total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity in populations of A. viridis in two different ecological zones of Ghana. Matured plant leaves of Amaranthus viridis were collected at two different locations namely Aburi Botanical Gardens and Legon Botani-cal Gardens and were subjected to ethanolic extraction. The extracts were analyzed for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl 1,1-2 picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, total phenolic content was analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and total flavonoid content was also analyzed using the Aluminium chloride colorimetric technique. The correlation of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, and, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity all yielded a directly proportional association. Thus, as total phenolic content increased total flavonoid content also increased and this applies to all the scenarios above. There was a substantial difference in the phenolic content as Aburi Botanical Gardens had a higher phenolic content than Legon Botanical Gardens. The semi-deciduous forest of the Aburi Botanical Garden and the coastal savannah of the Legon Botanical Garden, two contrasting ecological contexts, have diverse effects on the phytochemical composition of Amaranthus viridis, as this study has clarified.
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From Awareness to Action: Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Farming
Using antimicrobial drugs in animals is crucial for their well-being and productivity, ensuring improved food security, safety, and animal welfare. However, there's a growing concern about antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a threat to these advantages. Resistance, originating in one location or species, can easily spread globally, affecting both developed and developing nations. The issue of antimicrobial resistance has not received sufficient attention in South Asia, including India, and there's surprisingly little knowledge about antibiotic use in animal husbandry. Currently, AMR is a global concern demanding immediate attention. It's crucial to focus on the optimal use of antimicrobials following prescribed guidelines and action plans.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Microbiological Advancements in the Post-COVID Era
Covid 19 pandemic had consumed the world since its onset in Dec 2019 when first case was detected in Wuhan China.The pandemic poseds a litmus test for the whole health care system of the country.Due to the unprecedented demand for testing with over whelming number of samples,RTPCR labs, which were earlier used only for research purposes had to be set up on a war footing in all medical colleges and private hospitals.Not only this,the out break augmented the urgency to develop a number of robust rapid and portable devices and instruments. Kit based tests were designed for a rapid turn around time, as opposed to conventional PCR. Virology labs all over India got a face lift and they were armoured with state of the art facilities. Apart from this, another aspect which gained paramount importance was infection control. This aspect which was overlooked all these years, garnered all the attention and infection control practices, starting from simple hand hygiene, utility of PPE, and biomedical waste management, were all taken seriously and came into daily practice. Lastly, this pandemic gave us a first hand experience of dealing with a pandemic and also an insight about how to go about an out break management. On the other hand its also worth while mentioning that this pandemic had siphoned all the attention of clinicians and scientisits,that other major concerns like MDR and TB and even chronic ailments like diabetes and hypertension havebeen neglected. This editorial is a peek into the influence of COVID 19 pandemic on different aspects of Microbiology.
Harvesting Tomorrow: Embracing New Innovations in Microbial Biotechnology for Smart Farming and Sustainable Agriculture
In the dynamic realm of agriculture, where the quest for sustainable food production collides with the imperative to innovate, microbial biotechnology emerges as a beacon of hope. This field is ushering in a new era of farming practices that are both ecofriendly and highly efficient,at the intersection of technological progress and environmental stewardship.Microbial biotechnology lies at the heart of this transformative vision, utilizing the power of microorganisms to revolutionize agriculture. Smart farming, an essential component of this innovation,employs technology judiciously to optimize resource management and enhance agricultural efficiency. The seamless integration of microbial biotechnology into smart farming practices opens the door to a form of agriculture that is not only highly productive but also environmentally conscious.
“Syphilis Seropositivity in patients attending a tertiary care hospital, Mysuru, South India”
Introduction: Syphilis a multi-system disease caused by a spirochete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. In recent years, decline in its prevalence has been observed in the world however in the developing countries like India, syphilis still continues to be a major public health problem. Difficulties in the diagnosis of syphilis continue to challenge clinicians. The incapability to readily culture T. pallidum has forced laboratorians to focus on alternative methods for diagnosing syphilis. Serological tests are the main stay for the rapid diagnosis of this condition. Aims and Objectives: The study was undertaken to know seropositivity of syphilis by RPR test in a tertiary care hospital and to compare the diagnostic value of RPR and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination test (TPHA) for the laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis. Results: A total of 1930 patient’s blood specimens were analysed from patients using RPR (Rapid plasma reagin) test. The RPR positive samples were tested by TPHA. The seropositivity rate of syphilis by RPR was found to be 18 (0.93%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of RPR test were found to be 100 %, 66.67%, 50%, 100% and 75% respectively in comparison to TPHA. Conclusion: Though RPR is routinely used as a screening test, the gold standard specific test like TPHA must be done to confirm Syphilis and to initiate specific treatment early and to prevent the complications. Key words: Syphilis, Treponema pallidum, RPR, TPHA
The impact of Social Media Affinity on eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction among school-age children and adolescent girls studying in Farasan governorate school, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Purpose: The use of the internet for social networking has become a global phenomenon, as the number of social network users worldwide increased from 2.3 billion in 2016 to around 2.6 billion in 2018. 92% of United States adolescents report daily usage of social media, and 24% of them go online “almost constantly”. This study aimed to evaluate the Impact of social media affinity on Eating Attitudes and Body Dissatisfaction among School and adolescent children. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Farasan school from January 2022 to February 2022. A total of 75 students were selected by the non-probability purposive sampling technique. 5-point Likert scale on social media affinity (13 items), Body dissatisfaction was assessed by BSQ 8-c, and a 4-point Likert scale (26 items) was used to assess the eating attitude. Results: The majority of participants were females (81%). Out of this 75% were using social media every day and half of the percentage (50.7%) using WhatsApp. The total mean score for social media affinity was 49.72±5.61 out of 55. It concludes that higher scores indicate higher social media affinity. The mean score for eating attitude was 53.48±9.74. It interprets that a cut-off score of 20 or above indicates children had a high risk of developing an eating disorder. The participants’ Body Shape Dissatisfaction Questionnaire mean score was 23.37±6.39. it shows scores less than 25 mean mild concerns with a shape that indicates probable cases of distorted body image. Conclusion: social media and peer pressure has greatly affected the lifestyle and eating choices of students. Emphasizing the importance of parenting style for adolescents’ sense of empowerment and underscoring the need for parental involvement in prevention programs. Keywords: Social media Affinity, Eating Attitudes, Body Dissatisfaction, School Age Children, Adolescent Girls
Polytene Chromosomes of Zaprionus Vittiger Coquillett
The karyotype of Zaprionus vittiger consists of six chromosomes, five of which are banded polytene arms extending from a chromocentre in squashed preparations of the salivary glands. The sixth appears as a heterochromatic protrusion. The chromosomes are acrocentric and joined together at heterochromatin around the centromere to form a chromocenter which is easily broken. Zaprionus vittiger Coquillett were trapped in the university of Lags botanical Garden. Salivary glands chromosomes of Zaprionus vittiger Coquillett third instar larvae were prepared and examined under the microscope. The examination focused on the structure and characteristics of the terminal ends of different chromosomes which can be used to identify them in Zaprionus vittiger salivary glands chromosomes preparations.
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Biodegradation of the Neonicotinoid Pesticide, Spiromesifen Using the Natural Bacterial Isolate, Serratia sp.
Background: Application of pesticides in modern agricultural practices is unavoidable which helps to increase the productivity through the reduction of pest attack. Simultaneously, enduring persistence of pesticides is the major issue in terms of environmental and health hazards. Hence, there is an urge to discover an ideal strategy to conquer this trouble. Objectives: The present study has been designed to isolate a bacterial strain effectively degrading spiromesifen and to test its efficiency of degradation. Materials and Methods: The bacterial strain was isolated from soil samples collected from agricultural fields after serial dilution. Based on biochemical tests, it was identified. In 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm concentrations of spiromesifen in minimal broth, parameters like pH, CO2 released, ammonia produced and biomass were determined for every 48 hours for ten days. Results: The selected bacterial strain was identified as Serratia sp. At the time of biodegradation of spiromesifen by Serratia sp. significant level of variations were noted in the tested parameters. Conclusion: From the above findings it can be concluded that the isolated bacterial strain could be used in the treatment of pesticide contaminants in agricultural fields.
Problems, Challenges and Experienced Faced by Trans-Genders People in Indian Society
The trans-genders have experienced many problems and obstacles within the course of their development, but now measures have been implemented to safeguard their conditions. The growth and development of education and generation of employment opportunities amongst the trans-genders, protection of their rights, allowing them equal participation in the development of the programs, equal say in the decision making matters, and elimination of stigma, discriminatory treatment, abuse, harassment and human rights violation are the factors that would lead to progress and enhancement of their socio-economic status. The implementation of these policies and measures are required in the day to day lives of these individuals so that they do not feel vulnerable and are able to sustain their living conditions in an appropriate manner.
Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Anaemia among School Going Adolescent Girls of Rural Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
Back ground: Adolescent is a period of peak growth for boys and girls. Food and nutrition needs proportionately higher during the growth spurt2. In country like India with varying social customs and common beliefs against female, there is high prevalence of malnutrition among girls. If anaemic adolescent girl became pregnant, it may increase both mortality and morbidity rate in both mother and infant i.e maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate. Material & Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted among school going adolescent girls of class 9th , 10th, 11th and 12th of Gurukul inter college, Panchali. Data was collected on predesigned semi structured questionnaire which included details of socio demographic variables like age, parent’s education and other details about knowledge regarding anaemia, its causes and sources of iron.One week after the presentation again the knowledge of students was assessed on the same set of questionnaire. Result: 31% were of 15 yrs, 30% were of 16 yrs. Knowledge about anaemia before presentation was present in 76% students while it was 96% after presentation. 20% knows about the sources of iron. 60% of the study subject were aware of programme related to anaemia Conclusion: Despite the various measures taken by government of India to control anaemia in various groups the severity of nutritional anaemia continues to remain a public health issue of great magnitude.
Drug Resistance Patterns in Known MDR TB Cases from Gujarat, India
Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bacterial Contamination of Hands and Anterior Nares of Health Care Professionals Attending ICU at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India
Introduction: Nosocomial infections remain a major challenge to the healthcare system and the patients in Intensive care units(ICU) are more prone for acquiring these infections. Carriage of drug resistant organisms by the health care workers (HCW) is a potential method of transmission of these organisms in the hospital environment. The objective of this study was to determine the multidrug resistant organisms among HCWs attending ICU. Materials and methods: 60 HCWs belonging to different cadres attending the ICU were screened. Samples from hands and anterior nares were collected using sterile swab sticks and aerobic bacterial culture performed. Results:A total of 83 isolates were obtained from 120 swabs. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) (12.9%), Methicillin resistant Coagulase negative staphylococci(MR CONS) (36.3%), and Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing gram negative bacilli(GNB) (50%)were the common drug resistant organisms detected. MRSA was more commonly seen in the anterior nares and among the nurses. MR CONS and ESBLs were obtained mainly from hands and among the house keeping staff and the doctors. Inducible clindamycin resistance was also noted in staphylococci. Majority of the hand swabs from the nurses yielded scanty or no growth while that of housekeeping staff and doctors exhibited drug resistant organisms. Conclusion: Multidrug resistant organisms were commonly carried by the HCWs attending ICU. Commensal organisms are becoming resistant to multiple drug classes. HCWs serving the critical care areas need periodic screening, followed by decolonisation/eradication measures with more emphasis on those who are not restricted to ICU.
Effect of Caregiver Support Interventions on the Subjective Burden of Caregivers of Patients Suffering from Severe Mental Illness
Background: Caregivers of patients with severe mental disorders experience significant burden and distress. There is a need to design interventions to reduce the caregiver burden and distress, which can ultimately also lead to improved patient outcomes. Family based care aims to reduce stress and burden among caregivers beside patient management as treatment goals. Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim to assess the effect of ‘Caregiver Support Interventions’ on the subjective burden and psychological-wellbeing of caregivers of patients with severe mental illness. Materials and Methods: Forty participants were selected using Purposive Sampling technique from patients attending psychiatry OPD and admitted in psychiatry ward, PGIMER, Chandigarh. Caregivers were assessed at the baseline and 2 weeks after the last session of intervention on Zarit Burden Interview and Ryff’s psychological-Well-being Scale. A six days intervention was provided to the experimental group in the form of ‘Caregiver Support Interventions’ in session of 45 minutes. Control group received the routine care. Results: Reassessment of caregivers after the intervention showed significant reduction in burden among caregivers in experimental group, but not in the control group. Conclusion: Brief ‘Caregiver Support Interventions’ can reduce the burden and improve the wellbeing of caregivers of patients with severe mental illness.
A Study on Indwelling Medical Device Associated Nosocomial Infections with Special Reference to Biofilm Production and Antibiotic Resistance in a Tertiary Care Centre
Introduction- Nosocomial infections are an important public health problem, frequently encountered in ICUs in resource limited countries. ICU patients with compromised immunity, empirical use of antimicrobial agents and the superimposed complex nature of bacterial biofilms colonizing indwelling medical devices have resulted in resistant device-related nosocomial infections. Management of such infections is now a huge challenge, as they lead to persistent and resistant infections Materials and Methods- This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. 156 patients with indwelling medical devices (66 with intravascular catheters, 48 with endotracheal tubes and 42 with urinary catheters) were studied using the semi-quantitative method. Identification of the organism was performed as per the standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed using Vitek 2K automated method. Detection of biofilm was performed by Tube adherence test. Results- In the present study 156 patients with indwelling medical devices (66 with intravascular catheters, 48 with endotracheal tubes and 42 with urinary catheters) were studied. Among them 55 (35%) developed device related infections, 29(44%) in CRBSI, 10 (20.8%) and 15 (35.7%) in VAP and CAUTI respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae was more frequently isolated from the devices followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolates from these devices were multidrug resistant. Of the 55 isolates tested for biofilm formation, strong biofilm producers were 22 (40 %), 23 (42%) were moderate and 10 (18%) isolates were considered as non biofilm producers. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the predominant isolate isolated from the biofilms. 96% of these biofilm isolates were multidrug resistant. Conclusion- Device -related multi drug resistant nosocomial infections are becoming more frequent in ICU patients, accounting for patient morbidity, attributable mortality, excess costs and prolonged length of hospital stay. This study emphasizes the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship and surveillance programmes targeted on device-related nosocomial infections, complemented with the performance of other practices for control and prevention.
Rifampicin Monoresistance in Treatment Naïve Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
Background: Multi-drug resistant TB has become an area of growing concern nowadays in treatment naïve pulmonary TB patients, despite the global efforts in controlling TB. It has emerged as a posing threat to human survival and major challenge for the NTEP (National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme) in achieving the global target of ending TB in 2035. Rifampicin monoresistance will contribute towards amplification of resistance, eventually leading to emergence of MDR, if they are not managed properly. Objectives: The present study aims to detect Rifampicin monoresistance in treatment naïve or newly diagnosed pulmonary Tuberculosis patients using GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and 1% proportion method. The study is also aimed at evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of both the tests in detecting the same. Materials and methods: Rifampicin monoresistance (RMR) was diagnosed by molecular/ genotypic testing (GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay) and conventional phenotypic DST (drug sensitivity testing) method (1% proportion method) among 162 sputum/ BAL samples obtained from treatment naïve or newly diagnosed pulmonary Tuberculosis patients. Results: Out of the 162 samples subjected to GeneXpert MTB/RIF (CBNAAT) assay, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in 108 (67%) samples and rifampicin resistance (rpoB gene) was detected in 8 (5 %) samples. Whereas phenotypic DST by 1% proportion method detected Rifampicin resistance in 13 (8%) cases. Conclusion: The study reveals that there is a discordance between molecular/ genotypic test, GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and conventional phenotypic DST method,1% proportion method in detecting rifampicin resistance in newly diagnosed/ treatment naïve pulmonary Tuberculosis patients. Phenotypic method detected more isolates with rifampin resistance compared to molecular method.
A Comparative Evaluation of Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria : Microscopy Versus Rapid Diagnostic Test
Introduction : Rapid detection and effective treatment of malaria is a prerequisite in reducing the morbidity and mortality due to the disease. The Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) have opened a new and exciting avenue in rapid malaria diagnosis. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of Rapid Diagnostic Test to Microscopic examination in diagnosis of malaria. Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted at MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal from July 2015 to June 2016. Blood samples were collected from 986 clinically suspected malarial cases and subjected to both blood smear microscopy and a rapid diagnostic test (ADVANTAGE MAL CARD) for detection of malaria parasites and antigens, respectively. Results: Out of the 986 fever cases included in the study, 36 (3.64%) tested positive for malaria by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) whereas 31 (3.14%) tested positive by Microscopy. Sensitivity for the rapid diagnostic test for malaria was 100% and Specificity was 99.5%. Conclusion: This study shows that the rapid diagnostic test kit has comparable level of accuracy with microscopy and hence can be used in rapid screening of malaria. RDTs can be useful in areas where specialized laboratories or even microscopy are unavailable and when urgent malaria diagnosis is needed by a practitioner without the delay associated with the laboratory.
Socio-legal Creationism Issues and High Risk Problems of Homosexual Behaviour
Most of us fail to comprehend why somebody would be interested in undertaking homosexual activity. In the present study, we tried to conclude some causes of such altered type of sexual behavior. Illiteracy, poor socioeconomic status and ignorance about the law may be considered as some of the factors which encouraged the accused to commit such crime. In all cases, the victim and the accused were known to each other to a variable extent indicating that the victim falls prey to the accused because he was not aware of his intentions.
Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein in CSF for Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meningitis at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Background: Primary aim of this study was to evaluate the role of C- reactive protein (CRP) in cerebrospinal fluid to establish the diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meningitis (ABM), and to measure the specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values of CRP in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in the diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meningitis. Methods: Fifty patients between age 0 to 15 years with fever and convulsion were screened, randomly selected and divided into three groups on the basis of CSF findings i.e. bacterial meningitis, non-bacterial meningitis and no meningitis as control group. CSF CRP was measured in all cases along with CSF cytology, biochemistry and culture-sensitivity. Complete blood count, random blood sugar done to treat all cases. All patients were treated adequately (if culture positive according to sensitivity) and were monitored as long as they stayed in hospital. Outcome was assessed clinically during discharge. Results: Twenty patients had acute bacterial meningitis, 15 had aseptic meningitis and 15 cases had CSF findings normal (control). CSF-CRP was positive (>6mg/L) in 40% of the cases of ABM but it was found negative in all aseptic meningitis and in the control groups. Sensitivity of CSF -CRP was low (40%) but specificity was high (100%). The positive predictive value of CSF-CRP was 100% and negative predictive value 55.5%. Among the organisms isolated H. influenzae was the leading pathogen (52%) in infancy followed by S. pneumoniae (42%) and N. meningitidis (5%). Outcome of the treatment of CSF-CRP positive ABM cases was found poor (p= 0.035). Conclusion: Study concludes that significant level of CRP in CSF is highly specific for diagnosis of ABM and ruled out aseptic meningitis. But negative CSF-CRP could neither exclude pyogenic meningitis nor did it rule out aseptic meningitis.
Evaluation of Automated Vitek System & Conventional Method for the Detection of Heteroresistant Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus
Utilization of Probiotics in Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases
Bacteria are the most common cause of caries, that can lead to pulpal involvement and eventually the tooth will need endodontic treatment if it must be saved. The complete elimination of bacteria is paramount to the success of root canal treatment. Retreatment of failed RCT is also a common scenario. The bacteria present in the failed endodontic cases are different form initial treatment cases. Also, the various irritants and procedures of cleaning and shaping are also important for complete elimination of the bacteria.